كيفية تحضير كوب الشاي الاخضر: طريقة عمل كوب الشاي الاخضر

 

Diabetes mellitus: Symptoms classification, risk factor and complications

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is apparently one of the oldest diseases known to man (2).  Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (1). Recent data estimated that 629 million people will suffer from DM by year 2049 (3).

Classification (4):

Classification of diabetes mellitus include

1.      Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Ø  Immune mediated

Ø  Idiopathic

2.      Type 2 diabetes mellitu

3. Other specific types of diabetes

Ø  Genetic defects of islet ß-cell function

Ø   Genetic defects of insulin action

Ø   Diseases of the exocrine pancreas

Ø  Endocrinopathies

Ø   Drug- or chemical- induced diabetes

Ø  Infections

Ø  Uncommon forms of diabetes

Ø   Other genetic syndromes

4.       Gestational diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus risk factors

     1.    Diabetes mellitus type I risk factors include:

Ø  Family history.

Ø  Infections or diseases of the pancreas.

      2. Diabetes mellitus type 2 risk factor include:

Ø  Obesity and overweight

Ø  Hypertension

Ø  Hypertriglyceridemia

Ø  Decreased physical activity

Ø  Family history

Ø  Old age

Ø  Polycystic ovary syndrome

Ø  Smoking

Symptoms
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include

• Polyuria

• Polydipsia

• Weight loss

• Polyphagia

• Fatigue

• Skin disorders

• Late healing wounds

Complications of diabetes mellitus

           1. Acute complications

Ø  Hypoglycemia

Ø  Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Ø  Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

           2.   Chronic complications:

             A.  Micro vascular complications

Ø  Diabetic retinopathy

Ø  Diabetic nephropathy

Ø  Diabetic neuropathy

            B.  Macrovascular disease

3.     Other complications and associated conditions:

Ø  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Ø  Infections seen in patients with diabetes.

Ø  Limited joint mobility 5.

References

1.      American Diabetes Association, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes

Mellitus. DIABETES CARE 2005; 28: S37 ̶   S42.

2.      Wise J. Type 1 diabetes is still linked to lower life expectancy. BMJ 2016;1.

3.      English E, Lenters-Westra E. HbA1c method performance: the great success story of global standardization. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:408-19.

4.      World Health Organization, Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus 2002.

5.      Baynes HW. Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Metab; 2015: 6: 541.

For more information

https://dbwangamal.blogspot.com/2021/07/diabetes-mellitus-definition-and.html